WTF - What the.. Fridays | Postpartum Hemorrhage

Postpartum hemorrhage is more bleeding than normal after the birth of a baby, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists defines postpartum hemorrhage as at least 1,000 mL total blood loss or loss of blood coinciding with signs and symptoms of hypovolemia (decreased blood volume) within 24 hours after delivery of the fetus or intrapartum loss. About 1 in 100 to 5 in 100 women have postpartum hemorrhage. It is more likely with a cesarean birth. It most often happens after the placenta is delivered, but it can also happen later.

Causes of postpartum hemorrhage

Once a baby is delivered, the uterus normally contracts and pushes out the placenta. After the placenta is delivered, these contractions help put pressure on the bleeding vessels in the area where the placenta was attached. If the uterus does not contract strongly enough, these blood vessels bleed freely. This is the most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage. If small pieces of the placenta stay attached, bleeding is also likely. Postpartum hemorrhage may also be caused by:

• Tear in the cervix or tissues of the vagina

• Tear in a blood vessel in the uterus

• Bleeding into a hidden tissue area or space in the pelvis. This mass of blood is called a hematoma. It is usually in the vulva or vagina.

• Blood clotting disorders

• Placenta problems

Risks for postpartum hemorrhage Some birthing people are at greater risk for postpartum hemorrhage than others. Conditions that may increase the risk include:

• Placental abruption. This is the early detachment of the placenta from the uterus.

• Placenta previa. This is when the placenta covers or is near the opening of the cervix.

• Overdistended uterus. This is when the uterus is larger than normal because of too much amniotic fluid or a large baby.

• Multiple-baby pregnancy

• High blood pressure disorders of pregnancy

• Having many previous births

• Prolonged labor

• Infection

• Obesity

• Use of forceps or vacuum-assisted delivery

• Being of Asian or Hispanic ethnic background

Symptoms of postpartum hemorrhage

These are the most common symptoms of postpartum hemorrhage:

• Uncontrolled bleeding

• Decreased blood pressure

• Increased heart rate

• Decrease in the red blood cell count

• Swelling and pain in the vagina and nearby area if bleeding is from a hematoma

The symptoms of postpartum hemorrhage may look like other health conditions. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis.

Treating postpartum hemorrhage

The aim of treatment of postpartum hemorrhage is to find and stop the cause of the bleeding as soon as possible. Treatment may include:

• Medicine or uterine massage to stimulate uterine contractions

• Removing pieces of the placenta that remain in the uterus

• Exam of the uterus and other pelvic tissues, the vagina, and the vulva to look for areas that may need repair

• Bakri balloon or a Foley catheter to put pressure on the bleeding inside the uterus. Your healthcare provider may pack the uterus with sponges and sterile materials. This may be done if a Bakri balloon or Foley catheter is not available.

• Laparotomy. This is surgery to open the abdomen to find the cause of bleeding.

• Tying off or sealing bleeding blood vessels. This is done using uterine compression sutures, special gel, glue, or coils. The surgery is done during a laparotomy.

• Hysterectomy. This is surgery to remove the uterus. In most cases, this is a last resort.

Replacing lost blood and fluids is important in treating postpartum hemorrhage. You may quickly be given IV (intravenous) fluids, blood, and blood products to prevent shock. Oxygen may also help.

Postpartum hemorrhage can be quite serious. But when your provider quickly finds and treats the cause of bleeding, you often will be able to recover fully.

Possible Complications

Losing lots of blood quickly can cause a severe drop in your blood pressure. This may lead to shock and death if not treated.

Preventing postpartum hemorrhage

It’s important to know before delivery what puts you at risk for postpartum hemorrhage. It is important to have emergency care available in case it is needed at the time of delivery and after birth. Early care can reduce the amount of blood loss.

When should I call my healthcare provider?

Most cases of postpartum hemorrhage occur at delivery or soon after. But you may bleed heavily after you go home from the hospital and can happen upto 12 weeks after the birth of the baby. If this happens, call your healthcare provider right away.

Key points about postpartum hemorrhage

• Postpartum hemorrhage is heavy bleeding after the birth of your baby. Birthing people are usually directed to call their healthcare provider if they are seeing toonie sized blood clots or larger.

• Losing lots of blood quickly can cause a severe drop in your blood pressure. It may lead to shock and death if not treated.

• The most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage is when the uterus does not contract enough after delivery.

• Quickly finding and treating the cause of bleeding can often lead to a full recovery.

Information from Stanford Children's Health website: https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=postpartum-hemorrhage-90-P02486